Silicon Tetrachloride as innovative working fluid for high temperature rankine cycles: Thermal Stability, material compatibility, and energy analysis

Silicon Tetrachloride as innovative working fluid for high temperature rankine cycles: Thermal Stability, material compatibility, and energy analysis

Silicon Tetrachloride (SiCl4) is proposed as a new potential working fluid for high-temperature Rankine Cycles. The capability to overcome the actual thermal stability limit of fluids commercially employed in the state-of-the-art Organic Rankine Cycles (ORC) is demonstrated by static thermal stability and material compatibility tests. Experimental static test proves its thermo-chemical stability with a conventional stainless-steel alloy (AISI 316L) up to 650 °C. A preliminary material compatibility analysis performed with optical microscope on the AISI 316L cylinder, after exposure of 300 h to SiCl4 at temperature higher than 550 °C, confirms the potentiality of this fluid when coupled with high-grade heat sources. A thermodynamic analysis has been carried out accounting for the effect of operating conditions on the axial turbine efficiency. A comparison with fluids adopted in medium–high temperature ORCs is performed, evidencing that the proposed fluid could achieve more than + 10 % points as thermal efficiency gain compared to any commercial solutions when coupled with high-temperature sources such as solar, biomass, waste heat from industrial processes and prime movers. A 2 MW SiCl4 cycle operating full-electric at 550 °C reaches a thermal efficiency of 38 %, exceeding values attainable by any other working fluid under similar conditions and power size.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.123239

Authors:

  • M. Doninelli, G. Di Marcoberardino, C.M Invernizzi, P. Iora, and M. Gelfi – Università degli Studi di Brescia, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica ed Industriale, via Branze, 38, 25123, Brescia, Italy
  • G. Manzolini – Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Energia, Via Lambruschini 4A, 20156, Milano, Italy
Experimental investigation of the CO2+SiCl4 mixture as innovative working fluid for power cycles: Bubble points and liquid density measurementsv- Energy Journal

Experimental investigation of the CO2+SiCl4 mixture as innovative working fluid for power cycles: Bubble points and liquid density measurementsv- Energy Journal

Supercritical CO2 is recognized as a promising working fluid for next-generation of high temperature power cycles. Nevertheless, the use of CO2 mixtures with heavier dopants is emerging as a promising alternative to supercritical CO2 cycles in the recent years for air-cooled systems in hot environments. Accordingly, this work presents an experimental campaign to assess the thermodynamic behaviour of the CO2+SiCl4 mixture to be used as working fluid for high-temperature applications, conducted in the laboratories of CTP Mines Paris PSL. At first, bubble conditions of the mixture are measured in a variable volume cell (PVT technique), then liquid densities are measured with a vibrating tube densimeter, for molar composition in the range between 70 % and 90 % of CO2. The Peng Robinson EoS was fine-tuned on the bubble points obtained, resulting in a satisfactory accuracy level. Finally, a non-conventional methodology has been developed to measure bubble points with the vibrating tube densimeter, whose results are consistent with the VLE data obtained with the standard PVT technique. Thermodynamic analysis in next-generation concentrated solar power plant, at 700 °C turbine inlet, confirms the mixture overcomes 50 % thermal efficiency, providing +4.2 % net electrical output over pure supercritical CO2 at equal thermal power from the solar field.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2024.131197

Authors:

  • M. Doninelli, G. Di Marcoberardino, C.M Invernizzi, P. Iora – Università degli Studi di Brescia, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica ed Industriale, via Branze, 38, 25123, Brescia, Italy
  • G. Manzolini, E. Morosini – Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Energia, Via Lambruschini 4A, 20156, Milano, Italy
  • M. Riva, P. Stringari – Mines Paris, PSL University, Centre of Thermodynamics of Processes (CTP), 77300, Fontainebleau, France
Modified ceramic membranes for the treatment of highly saline mixtures utilized in vacuum membrane distillation

Modified ceramic membranes for the treatment of highly saline mixtures utilized in vacuum membrane distillation

Membrane Distillation processes could enable the treatment of highly saline solutions and facilitate minimal (MLD) or zero liquid discharge (ZLD) applications. Ceramic membranes can be a robust alternative to polymeric membranes if they are chemically modified to exhibit hydrophobic qualities to prevent wetting, particularly for vacuum membrane distillation (VMD). This study found that the thin top layer of asymmetrically structured ceramic membranes is robust enough for highly saline and abrasive suspensions and that TiO2 membranes outperform Al2O3 membranes in respect to the mass transport due to their larger support pore size and lower thermal conductivity. A maximum permeate flux of 35 kg/(m2 h) with exceptionally high rejections were measured in VMD using a saline brine with a concentration of 350 g NaCl per kg H2O. Furthermore, a VMD mass transfer model was successfully adopted (based on the Dusty Gas Model) to facilitate the calculation of the mass transfer through asymmetrically structured TiO2 membranes. Model deficiencies such as the underestimation of polarization effects were discussed, and correction factors integrated accordingly. This was done to establish a mass transfer modelling fundament for asymmetrical ceramic membranes used in MD that can be extended in future works and possibly serve as a tool for membrane optimization.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2023.116943

Authors:

  • J. Schnittger, T. Hoyer, M. Weyd, I. Voigt | Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems (IKTS), Germany
  • Jeffrey R. McCutcheon | University of Connecticut, Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, United States of America
  • A. Lerch | TUD Dresden University of Technology, Germany
نظام متطور لتحلية المياه مع دورة طاقة مبتكرة لثاني أكسيد الكربون مدمجة مع مصادر الطاقة المتجددة

نظام متطور لتحلية المياه مع دورة طاقة مبتكرة لثاني أكسيد الكربون مدمجة مع مصادر الطاقة المتجددة

يتسبب الارتفاع في انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون في مشاكل كبيرة مثل ذوبان الأنهار الجليدية وارتفاع منسوب مياه البحر. للمساعدة في معالجة هذه المشاكل، يقدم مشروع DESOLINATION دورة طاقة متطورة لأنظمة تحلية المياه، باستخدام خلائط مبتكرة قائمة على ثاني أكسيد الكربون كجيل جديد من سوائل العمل. تسلط هذه الورقة الضوء على فوائد المشروع والعقبات التقنية التي تم التغلب عليها في تصميم الآلات اللازمة.

تم أخذ العوامل الرئيسية في الاعتبار عند تطوير الدورة الحرارية واختيار سائل التشغيل، بما في ذلك السلامة والأثر البيئي وتوافق المواد والكفاءة.

ويعتمد النظام على الآلات التوربينية - وتحديداً مضخة وموسع - لاستعادة الحرارة من دورة أولية تعمل بالطاقة الشمسية. يسمح هذا الإعداد بإنتاج الحرارة بمرونة أثناء محاكاة الظروف الشمسية المختلفة.

وتمثل أحد التحديات الرئيسية في اختيار مزيج ثاني أكسيد الكربون المناسب لتحقيق التوازن بين الكفاءة والتطبيق العملي. فمن خلال إضافة “مادة مخدرة” إلى ثاني أكسيد الكربون، يمكن تعديل خصائص السائل، مما يسمح للنظام باستخدام مضخة بدلاً من الضاغط. وهذا يجعل التبادل الحراري أكثر كفاءة من خلال الحفاظ على السائل في درجة حرارة مناسبة لمصدر الحرارة الشمسية. تم اختبار العديد من المنشطات للعثور على أفضلها من حيث الكفاءة والتوافق.

كان توافق المواد يمثل تحديًا آخر، حيث تحتاج المعدات إلى التعامل مع درجات حرارة عالية تصل إلى 550 درجة مئوية، وهو أمر نموذجي لتكنولوجيا الطاقة الشمسية الحرارية. وكان الاختيار النهائي للمواد المخدرة عبارة عن مفاضلة بين الحد من التآكل وتعظيم الأداء.

يهدف مشروع DESOLINATION إلى إطلاق أول محطة تجريبية في عام 2025، حيث يقدم حلولاً تنافسية بكفاءة حرارية شمسية حرارية تزيد عن 421 تيرابايت 3 تيرابايت، وإنتاج مياه عذبة بكفاءة عالية، وانبعاثات أقل من ثاني أكسيد الكربون تصل إلى 701 تيرابايت 3 تيرابايت لكل متر مكعب من المياه المحلاة مقارنة بالأنظمة الحالية.
Characterization of the physical properties of the thermoresponsiveblock-copolymer PAGB2000 and numerical assessment of its potentialities in Forward Osmosis desalination

Characterization of the physical properties of the thermoresponsiveblock-copolymer PAGB2000 and numerical assessment of its potentialities in Forward Osmosis desalination

Forward Osmosis is a promising strategy for desalination processes, however some aspects have to be better characterized to make it competitive with other affirmed technologies. One of these aspects is the selection of the draw agent, i.e., a polymeric solution that has to fulfill different requirements to guarantee both high membrane performances and good regeneration process. Previous studies have identified a thermoresponsive copolymer known as PAGB2000 as potential draw agent. However, in the open literature there is no information on the thermo-physical properties required for a fully characterization of the polymer itself, hence, different experimental campaigns have been conducted to quantify: phase behavior, osmotic pressure, density, dynamic viscosity, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and isobaric specific heat capacity. These properties were then used in a computational model to simulate the whole desalination process. Recovery ratio, specific electric consumption and specific thermal consumption were compared with the ones obtained in a previous work, showing that a detailed characterization of the thermo-physical properties is required to get accurate and realistic predictions of the system performance.

Keywords: Polymer, Draw agent, Forward osmosis, Desalination.

Authors:

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Study on the Operation of the LUTsCO2 Test Loop with Pure CO2 and CO2 + SO2 Mixture Through Dynamic Modeling

Study on the Operation of the LUTsCO2 Test Loop with Pure CO2 and CO2 + SO2 Mixture Through Dynamic Modeling

Within the framework of the Horizon 2020 DESOLINATION (DEmonstration of concentrated SOLar power coupled wIth advaNced desAlinaTion system in the gulf regION) project, CO2-based mixtures will be used as the working fluid of the power cycle coupled with the desalination plant. Desalination technologies require temperatures above 50℃, therefore a fluid with a critical temperature above 70 ℃ is required to perform the compression step in the liquid phase, minimizing compression work and increasing cycle efficiency. Blending CO2 with other fluids, such as SO2, leads to an increase in the critical temperature of the mixture and makes it suitable for transcritical cycles in concentrated solar power applications, while preserving the advantages of pure CO2 over steam cycles. Throughout the DESOLINATION project, CO2 blends will be tested in the LUTsCO2 test loop to provide validation data for the design of heat exchangers. In this work, the adaptation of the test loop to the CO2 blend is investigated. A dynamic model of the test loop is built in MATLAB-Simulink, which allows each component to be modeled independently and to realize a closed-loop cycle model coupled with a controller and real gas property tables. Steady-state simulations of the system are performed and the dynamic model of each component is verified with the design values. As a result, the study highlights the key performance and fluid dynamic differences which arise from the use of a CO2 blend instead of pure CO2.

Keywords:

  • CO2 mixtures
  • Transcritical refrigeration cycle
  • Dynamic model
  • Simulink
Authors:

Giuseppe Petruccelli Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, Lappeenranta, Finland

Teemu Turunen-Saaresti Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, Lappeenranta, Finland

Aki Grönman Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, Lappeenranta, Finland

Afonso Lugo Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, Lappeenranta, Finland