Authors:

Igor Matteo Carraretto, Davide Scapinello, Riccardo Bellini, Riccardo Simonetti, Luca Molinaroli, Luigi Pietro Maria Colombo, Giampaolo Manzolini – Dipartimento di Energia, Politecnico di Milano, Via Lambruschini 4, Milano 20156, Italy

Forward osmosis (FO) is a promising technology for efficient water reclamation at low operating costs. It has shown potential in producing fresh water from seawater; however, the regeneration of the diluted draw solution (DS) still holds back further development. Thermo-responsive polymers, especially polyalkylene glycol (PAG) based copolymers with hydrophilic ethylene oxide and hydrophobic propylene oxide units, have shown suitability as DSs in FO using low-temperature waste heat to regenerate the DS. In this study, we explored five commercially available copolymers: Pluronic® PE 6400, Pluronic® L-35, Pluronic® RPE 1740, Unilube® 50 MB-26, and Polycerin® 55GI-2601 as DSs in a laboratory FO setup, with DI water as the feed solution (FS). The water
flux and reverse solute flux varied from 1.5 to 2.0 L⋅m􀀀 2⋅h􀀀 1 and from 0.04 to 0.4 g⋅m􀀀 2⋅h􀀀 1, respectively.

Furthermore, all polymer solutions showed the ability to be recovered and reused using temperatures below 100◦C. Therefore, the tested PAGs turned out to be promising as draw solutions for FO systems that utilize low-grade waste heat. The re-usage in FO was shown for regenerated Pluronic® L-35 through a three-step experiment where its recovery was 91.1 %, 93.1 %, and 91.9 % for each FO cycle, respectively.

Keywords: Forward osmosis, Draw solution, Osmotic pressure, Polyalkylene glycols, Lower critical, solution temperature, Reuse of polymer.

Authors: Irena Petrinic, Natalija Jancic, Ross D. Jansen van Vuuren, and Hermina Buksek.

Forward Osmosis is a promising strategy for desalination processes, however some aspects have to be better characterized to make it competitive with other affirmed technologies. One of these aspects is the selection of the draw agent, i.e., a polymeric solution that has to fulfill different requirements to guarantee both high membrane performances and good regeneration process. Previous studies have identified a thermoresponsive copolymer known as PAGB2000 as potential draw agent. However, in the open literature there is no information on the thermo-physical properties required for a fully characterization of the polymer itself, hence, different experimental campaigns have been conducted to quantify: phase behavior, osmotic pressure, density, dynamic viscosity, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and isobaric specific heat capacity. These properties were then used in a computational model to simulate the whole desalination process. Recovery ratio, specific electric consumption and specific thermal consumption were compared with the ones obtained in a previous work, showing that a detailed characterization of the thermo-physical properties is required to get accurate and realistic predictions of the system performance.

Keywords: Polymer, Draw agent, Forward osmosis, Desalination.

Igor Matteo Carraretto ^a, Vincenzo Ruzzi ^b, Filippo Lodigiani ^a, Rosemary Colciaghi ^a, Riccardo Simonetti ^a, Stefano Buzzaccaro ^b, Luca Molinaroli ^a, Luigi Pietro Maria Colombo ^a, Roberto Piazza ^b, Giampaolo Manzolini ^a